Clinical features include pain at fracture site and misalignment of the teeth (malocclusion)

Mandibular fracture – often bilateral occurring directly at the side of trauma, and indirectly at the contralateral side due to transmitted forces.Fractures affecting of maxillary bones are classified using the Le Fort classification, ranging from 1 to 3. Maxillary fracture – associated with high-energy trauma.There is often significant soft tissue swelling and associated epistaxis. Nasal fracture – the most common facial fracture, due to the prominent position of the nasal bones at the bridge of the nose.The four most common facial fracture types are: Mandible (jaw) – articulates with the base of the cranium at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).įractures of the facial skeleton are relatively common and most frequently result from road traffic collisions, fist fights, and falls.Vomer – forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum.Maxilla (2) – comprises part of the upper jaw and hard palate.

Palatine (2) – situated at the rear of oral cavity and forms part of the hard palate.

Inferior nasal conchae (2) – located within the nasal cavity, these bones increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, thus increasing the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls.

Nasal (2) – two slender bones that are located at the bridge of the nose.

They form part of the medial wall of the orbit.

Lacrimal (2) – the smallest bones of the face.

Zygomatic (2) – forms the cheek bones of the face and articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal and maxilla bones.

The frontal bone, typically a bone of the calvaria, is sometimes included as part of the facial skeleton. It consists of 14 bones, which fuse to house the orbits of the eyes, the nasal and oral cavities, and the sinuses. The facial skeleton (also known as the viscerocranium) supports the soft tissues of the face.

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